Who proposed the theory that musical surprises lead to pleasurable emotional responses?

Leonard Meyer is recognized for his work on the relationship between music and emotional response, particularly in the context of how unexpected musical events can evoke pleasurable feelings. In his influential book, "Emotion and Meaning in Music," Meyer posits that the tension and release created through unexpected musical developments—such as key changes, rhythmic surprises, or shifts in dynamics—can lead to heightened emotional experiences for listeners. This theory supports the idea that surprises in music are integral to our emotional engagement and the joy we derive from listening.

Meyer’s contributions highlight how our brains process music not just as a series of sounds, but as a complex interplay of expectations and deviations, which ultimately cultivates emotional reactions. This understanding has significant implications for music therapy, as it illustrates the importance of creating musically engaging experiences that can evoke strong feelings and responses from clients.