Which potential outcome is NOT associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

When considering the potential outcomes associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), it's important to recognize the known effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on fetal development. FAS is characterized by a range of physical, behavioral, and cognitive challenges, which stem from alcohol's teratogenic effects.

Facial deformities are a hallmark of FAS, commonly manifested as distinct facial features such as a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and small eye openings. These physical manifestations are well-documented in literature and serve as a key diagnostic criterion.

Intellectual disabilities are also a significant consequence of FAS. Prenatal alcohol exposure can disrupt normal brain development, leading to a spectrum of developmental delays and cognitive impairments, often recognized through diminished IQ levels and learning difficulties.

Attention problems are another associated outcome, as many children with FAS exhibit issues with attention and hyperactivity, reflecting neurological changes caused by alcohol's impact on brain development.

Hearing problems, however, while they can occur in individuals with FAS, are not prominently linked or universally caused by fetal alcohol exposure. Unlike the more direct effects on cognitive and behavioral outcomes, hearing issues are less frequently cited in the core characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome. Thus, out of the options provided, hearing problems are not typically