What model suggests that some musical cues are universal while others are specific to different cultures?

The Cue Redundancy model posits that certain musical cues convey meaning that is universally understood across different cultures, while other cues may carry specific meanings tied to particular cultural contexts. This understanding is significant in music therapy, as it highlights how music can be both a shared experience due to these universal elements and a culturally rich expression that varies from one society to another.

Musical elements like rhythm and pitch may evoke similar emotional responses in diverse populations, illustrating the universal aspects of music. Conversely, specific songs or melodies may carry unique connotations or cultural significance, demonstrating how different cultures infuse their own meanings into music. This model provides a framework for music therapists to use in their practice, ensuring that they can connect with clients across different backgrounds by recognizing both commonalities and cultural distinctions in musical expression.

The other models mentioned do not effectively encapsulate this dual nature of universality and specificity regarding musical cues. For instance, Optimal complexity theory focuses on how complexity in music affects its enjoyment or engagement rather than on cultural interpretations. The Theory of expectations revolves around how listeners form anticipations based on musical structure and experiences, which does not address the cultural diversity in musical meanings. Isomorphism, while related to structural similarities, does not account for the universal versus