What condition is characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain?

The condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain is hydrocephaly, also known as hydrocephalus. This condition occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to a buildup that increases pressure within the skull. This excess fluid can result in various neurological issues, including cognitive impairments, developmental delays, and physical symptoms such as headaches and changes in vision. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and treatment often requires interventions such as the placement of a shunt to drain the excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain.

In contrast, fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition causing intellectual disability due to a mutation on the X chromosome; spina bifida is a neural tube defect affecting the spine that occurs during fetal development; and meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which can lead to inflammation but is not characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the same way. Understanding these distinctions highlights why hydrocephaly is the correct choice regarding excess cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.